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16个时态详解及练习

日期:2025-06-13
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英语时态主要通过动词变化表达动作发生的时间和状态。时态的核心是结合时间(现在、过去、将来、过去将来)与状态(一般、进行、完成、完成进行);过去将来时态常用于间接引语或虚拟语气中;实际交流中,最常用的是前12种时态,后4种(过去将来相关)使用频率较低。以下是 16个英语时态的分类、用法、结构、标志词、例句及练习等。

一般式

一般现在时 (Simple Present)  

(一)语法概述

1、用法: 表示习惯、真理或普遍事实。

2、结构: 主语 + 动词原形(第三人称单数加-s)  

3、标志词: always, usually, often, sometimes, every day/week, never,etc.   

句型结构(分be动词和实义动词两种情况

1、含 be 动词的情况

肯定句:主语 + am/is/are + 其他。

She is a teacher.(她是一名教师。)

否定句:主语 + am/is/are + not + 其他。

She is not a teacher.(她不是一名教师。)

一般疑问句:Am/Is/Are + 主语 + 其他?

Is she a teacher?

肯定回答:Yes, she is.(是的,她是。)

否定回答:No, she isn’t.(不,她不是。)

特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词 + am/is/are + 主语 + 其他?

—Where is she?(她在哪里?)

—She is in the office.(她在办公室。)

2、含实义动词的情况

(1)主语是第三人称单数(如: he, she, it)

肯定句:主语 + 动词第三人称单数形式(如-s/-es)+ 其他。

He likes reading.(他喜欢阅读。)

否定句:主语 + doesn’t + 动词原形 + 其他。

He doesn’t like reading.(他不喜欢阅读。)

一般疑问句:Does + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他?

Does he like reading?

肯定回答:Yes, he does.(是的,他喜欢。)

否定回答:No, he doesn’t.(不,他不喜欢。)

特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词 + does + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他?

—What does he like?(他喜欢什么?)

—He likes painting.(他喜欢绘画。)

(2)主语不是第三人称单数(如 I, you, we, they)

肯定句:主语 + 动词原形 + 其他。

They play basketball.(他们打篮球。)

否定句:主语 + don’t + 动词原形 + 其他。

They don’t play basketball.(他们不打篮球。)

一般疑问句:Do + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他?

Do they play basketball?

肯定回答:Yes, they do.(是的,他们打。)

否定回答:No, they don’t.(不,他们不打。)

特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词 + do + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他?

—What do they do on weekends?(他们周末做什么?)

—They play basketball.(他们打篮球。)

(三)一般现在时第三人称单数形式的变化规则

1、一般情况下,直接在词尾加-s

e.g. play-plays run-runs

2、以s、x、ch、sh、o结尾的单词,加-es

e.g. fix—fixes teach—teaches

3、以辅音字母+y结尾的单词,变y为i,再加-es

e.g. study-studies fly— flies

4、不规则变化:have-has

二、一般过去时 (Simple Past)  

(一)语法概述

(1)用法: 表示过去完成的动作或状态。  

(2)结构: 主语 + 动词过去式

(3)标志词: yesterday, last week/year, ago, in 2020, when I was…,etc.

(二)句型结构(涵盖行为动词和be动词两种情况 

1、行为动词

1肯定句主语 + 动词过去式 + 时间状语

I played basketball yesterday.(我昨天打篮球了。)

(2)否定句:主语 + didn’t + 动词原形 + 时间状语

I didn’t play basketball yesterday.(我昨天没打篮球。)

(3)一般疑问句:Did + 主语 + 动词原形 + 时间状语?

肯定回答:Yes, 主语 + did.

否定回答:No, 主语 + didn’t.

— Did you play basketball yesterday?(你昨天打篮球了吗?)

— Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.(是的,打了。/ 不,没打。)

(4)特殊疑问句:疑问词 + did + 主语 + 动词原形 + 时间状语?

—What did you play yesterday?(你昨天玩了什么?)

—I played basketball.(我打篮球了。)

2、Be动词(was/were)

1肯定句:主语 + was/were + 表语(形容词/名词/介词短语等)+ 时间状语

He was at home yesterday.(他昨天在家。)

2否定句:主语 + wasn’t/weren’t + 表语 + 时间状语

He wasn’t at home yesterday.(他昨天不在家。)

(3)一般疑问句:Was/Were + 主语 + 表语 + 时间状语?

肯定回答:Yes, 主语 + was/were.

否定回答:No, 主语 + wasn’t/weren’t.

— Was he at home yesterday?(他昨天在家吗?)

— Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t.(是的,在家。/ 不,不在。)

(4)特殊疑问句:疑问词 + was/were + 主语 + 时间状语?

Where was he yesterday?(他昨天在哪里?)

He was at home.(他在家。)

(三)动词过去式和过去分词的变化规则

1、规则动词的变化规则(规则动词的过去式和过去分词变化一致)

(1)一般情况下,在动词原形后面加-ed。

e.g.  look→looked play→played start→started

(2)以不发音e结尾的动词,在词尾直接加-d。如:live→lived use→used

(3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,先将y改为i,再加-ed。

e.g.  study→studied      try→tried

(4)以重读闭音节(即辅音+元音+辅音)或r音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,要先双写辅音字母,再加-ed。

e.g.  stop→stopped plan→planned prefer→preferred

2、不规则动词表(原形  过去式  过去分词  汉语意思)

(1)AAA型

read—read—read   读             cut—cut—cut      切,割

let—let—let      让             put—put—put      放

cost—cost—cost   花费,值       hit—hit—hit      撞,击

set—set—set   安排,安置       hurt—hurt—hurt  使…伤痛

bet—bet—bet   赌博,打赌       cast—cast—cast  抛

(2)AAB型

beat—beat—beaten    打败

(3)ABA型

become—became—become  成为      come—came—come      来

run—ran—run           跑        throw—threw—thrown  扔

(4)ABB型:

原形→aught→aught

catch—caught—caught   捉,抓    teach—taught—taught  教

 原形→ought→ought

bring—brought—brought 带来   buy—bought—bought     买

fight—fought—fought   打架   think—thought—thought 思考

seek—sought—sought    寻求

原形→t→t

feel—felt—felt       感到       keep—kept—kept    保持

leave—left—left      离开       sleep—slept—slept  睡

sweep—swept—swept    打扫       smell—smelt—smelt  闻

retell—retold—retold 复述

变其中一个元音字母

feed—fed—fed      喂            meet—met—met       遇见

get—got—got      得到           hold—held—held     拥有

babysit—babysat—babysat临时照看  sit—sat—sat       坐

win—won—won       赢            find—found—found   发现

bend—bent—bent   使弯曲          dig—dug—dug        挖

lead—led—led        引导        sell—sold—sold     卖

变其中一个辅音字母

build—built—built   建造        hear—heard—heard   听见

make—made—made      制造        mean—meant—meant   意思

send—sent—sent      送,寄      spend—spent—spent  花费

deal—dealt—dealt    处理    rebuild—rebuilt—rebuilt重建

lend—lent—lent      借贷

辅音字母和元音字母都变

have—had—had     有,吃       lay—laid—laid   放置,产卵

lose—lost—lost   丢失         pay—paid—paid     付钱

say—said—said    说           sell—sold—sold     卖

tell—told—told   告诉         stand—stood—stood  站

shoot—shot—shot  放炮,开枪    

understand—understood—understood           理解

misunderstand—misunderstood—misunderstood  误解

(5)ABC型:

ow →ew→own

blow-blew—blown     吹          draw—drew—drawn     画

grow—grew—grown    生长         know—knew—known    知道

i→a→u

begin—began—begun   开始        drink—drank—drunk   喝

sing—sang—sung       唱         swim—swam—swum     游泳

ring—rang—rung      打电话

 原形→过去式→过去式+(e)n

forget—forgot—forgotten  忘记    speak—spoke—spoken  说

freeze—froze—frozen   冻     choose—chose—chosen   选择

drive—drove—driven   驾驶    hide—hid—hidden       躲藏

rise—rose—risen      上升    shake—shook—shaken     摇

mistake—mistook—mistaken     误解

原形→过去式→原形+(e)n

eat—ate—eaten    吃     forbid—forbade—forbidden   禁止

give—gave—given  给     ride—rode—ridden            骑

see—saw—seen    看见    write—wrote—written         写

fall—fell—fallen  落下   break—broke—broken   打破,折断

forgive—forgave—forgiven      原谅;宽恕

无规律

am/is—was—been    是               are—were—been     是

do—did—done       做               go—went—gone      走

take—took—taken   拿

(6)有两种形式

bear—bore—born            bear—bore—borne          生

learn—learned—learned     learn—learnt—learnt      学

show—showed—showed        show—showed—shown      给…看

spell—spelled—spelled     spell—spelt—spelt        拼写

burn—burned—burned        burn—burnt—burnt         烧

smell—smelled—smelled     smell—smelt—smelt        闻

shine—shined—shined       shine—shone—shone        照耀

dream—dreamed—dreamed     dream—dreamt—dreamt      做梦

wake—waked—waked          wake—woke—woken          醒

lie—lied—lied      说谎        lie—lay—lain        躺

hang—hanged—hanged    吊死       hang— hung—hung     挂

三、一般将来时 (Simple Future)  

(一)语法概述

(1)用法: 表示将来的动作或预测。

(2)结构: 主语 + will/shall + 动词原形    

(3)标志词: tomorrow, next week/year, soon, in the future,etc.

(二)句型结构

1、肯定句

结构1:主语 + will + 动词原形 + 时间状语

(表未来发生的动作,无人称变化,可用于所有人称)

单数主语:

He will visit Paris next month.(他下个月将去巴黎。)

复数主语:

We will meet you at the airport later.(我们稍后会在机场见你。)

结构2:主语 + be going to + 动词原形 + 时间状语

(表计划/打算,be动词随主语变化:am/is/are)

单数主语:

He is going to buy a new car this year.(他今年打算买辆新车。)

复数主语:

They are going to travel to Japan this summer.

(他们今年夏天打算去日本旅行。)

2、否定句

结构1:主语 + won’t(will not)+ 动词原形 + 时间状语

They will not start the meeting until everyone arrives.

(等人到齐了他们才会开始会议。)

结构2:主语 + be not going to + 动词原形 + 时间状语

(am not/is not/are not going to,可缩写为:’m not/isn’t/aren’t going to)

She isn’t going to study abroad next year.

(她明年不打算出国学习。)

3、一般疑问句

结构1:Will + 主语 + 动词原形 + 时间状语?

肯定回答:Yes, 主语 + will.

否定回答:No, 主语 + won’t.

— Will you attend the conference next week?

(你下周会参加会议吗?)

— Yes, I will. / No, I won’t.(是的,我会。/ 不,我不会。)

结构2:Be + 主语 + going to + 动词原形 + 时间状语?

肯定回答:Yes, 主语 + am/is/are.

否定回答:No, 主语 + am not/isn’t/aren’t.

— Is she going to visit her grandparents this weekend?

(她这周末打算去看祖父母吗?)

— Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t.

(是的,打算去。/ 不,不打算去。)

4、特殊疑问句

结构1:疑问词 + will + 主语 + 动词原形 + 时间状语?

(适用于will结构)

What(问动作):

— What will you do this summer?(你今年夏天会做什么?)

— I will take a cooking course.(我会参加一个烹饪课程。)

When(问时间):

— When will they arrive at the station?(他们什么时候到车站?)

— They will arrive at 3 p.m.(他们下午3点到。)

Who(问主语,直接跟will):

— Who will help us with the project?(谁会帮我们做这个项目?)

— Tom will help us.(汤姆会帮我们。)

结构2:疑问词 + be + 主语 + going to + 动词原形 + 时间状语?

(适用于be going to结构)

Where(问地点):

— Where are you going to stay during the holiday?

(假期你打算住哪里?)

— I’m going to stay at a hotel by the beach.

(我打算住在海边的酒店。)

How(问方式/程度):

— How is she going to solve the problem?

(她打算怎么解决这个问题?)

— She is going to ask her teacher for help.

(她打算向老师求助。)

Why(问原因):

— Why are they going to cancel the trip?

(他们为什么打算取消旅行?)

— They are going to cancel it because of the bad weather.(因为天气不好,所以打算取消。)

注意

1、Will 结构:强调未来的意愿、预测或客观事实(无人称变化,所有人称用will)。

2、Be going to 结构:强调计划、打算或根据迹象推断的未来(be动词随主语变化:am/is/are)。

四、过去将来时 (Simple Past Future)  

(一)语法概述

(1)用法: 表示从过去视角看将来可能发生的事。

(2)结构: 主语 + would/should + 动词原形  

(3)标志词: said/told (表示过去视角的将来), the next day,etc. 

(二)句型结构

1、肯定句:

would 型:主语 + would + 动词原形 + 时间状语

was/were going to 型:主语 + was/were going to + 动词原形 + 时间状语

(would 无人称变化,was/were 根据主语单复数选择)

(1)would 型(表意愿/预测):

She promised she would write to me as soon as she arrived.(她答应一到就给我写信。)

(2)was/were going to 型(表计划/打算):

We were going to have a picnic this weekend, but it rained.(我们本打算这周末去野餐,但下雨了。)

2、否定句:

would 型:主语 + would not (wouldn’t) + 动词原形 + 时间状语

was/were going to 型:主语 + was/were not going to + 动词原形 + 时间状语

(1)would 型:

They told us they wouldn’t stay for dinner that night.

(他们告诉我们那晚不会留下来吃晚饭。)

(2)was/were going to 型:

She wasn’t going to attend the meeting because of her illness.(她因生病不打算参加会议。)

3、一般疑问句:

would 型:Would + 主语 + 动词原形 + 时间状语?

肯定回答:Yes, 主语 + would.

否定回答:No, 主语 + wouldn’t.

was/were going to 型:Was/Were + 主语 + going to + 动词原形 + 时间状语?

肯定回答:Yes, 主语 + was/were.

否定回答:No, 主语 + wasn’t/weren’t.

(1)would 型:

— Would they come to the party if we invited them?

(如果我们邀请他们,他们会来参加派对吗?)

— Yes, they would. / No, they wouldn’t.

(是的,会来。/ 不,不会来。)

(2)was/were going to 型:

— Was he going to study abroad before he got the job offer?(在拿到工作 offer 前,他打算出国学习吗?)

— Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t.

(是的,打算去。/ 不,没打算。)

4、特殊疑问句

结构:疑问词 + would/was/were + 主语 + 动词原形 + 时间状语?

(1)What(问动作):

— What was she going to buy for her mother’s birthday?

(她打算给妈妈买什么生日礼物?)

— She was going to buy a scarf and a card.

(她打算买一条围巾和一张贺卡。)

(2)When(问时间):

— When would he return to his hometown?(他何时会回老家?)

— He would return during the Spring Festival.

(他会在春节期间回去。)

(3)Where(问地点):

— Where would they meet the next day?

(他们第二天会在哪里见面?)

— They would meet at the school gate.(他们会在校门口见面。)

(4)Why(问原因):

— Why wouldn’t they join the trip with us?

(他们为什么不和我们一起去旅行?)

— Because they would have an exam the next day.

(因为他们第二天有考试。)

(5)How(问方式/情况):

— How would they solve the problem without any help?

(没有帮助他们会如何解决问题?)

— They would try to find a solution by themselves.

(他们会尝试自己找办法。)

5、核心用法总结: 

(1)would + 动词原形(表过去视角的“将会”,无人称变化,可表意愿/预测)。

(2)was/were going to + 动词原形(表过去视角的“打算/计划”,主语单复数决定用was/were)。

(3)使用场景:常用于宾语从句或间接引语中,主句为过去时(如said, thought, promised, knew等),从句表示从过去某时看即将发生的动作。

(4)与一般将来时的区别:

①一般将来时(will/shall do):从现在视角看将来。

e.g.He will visit us tomorrow.

②过去将来时(would/was/were going to do):从过去视角看将来。

e.g.He said he would visit us the next day.

进行式

现在进行时 (Present Continuous)  

(一)语法概述

1、用法: 表示正在进行的动作或临时情况。

2、结构: 主语 + am/is/are + 动词-ing  

3、标志词: now, right now, at the moment, currently, this week.

(二)句型结构

1、肯定句主语 + am/is/are + 现在分词 + 其他 

1第一人称单数(I)

I am reading a book.(我正在读一本书。)

(2)第三人称单数(He/She/It)

He is playing basketball.(他正在打篮球。)

(3)第二人称单数/复数(You)

You are watching a movie.(你们正在看电影。)

(4)第一/第三人称复数(We/They)

We are doing our homework.(我们正在做作业。)

2、否定句主语 + am/is/are + not + 现在分词 + 其他 

1第一人称单数(I)

I am not writing a letter.(我没在写信。)

(2)第三人称单数(He/She/It)

He is not watching TV.(他没在看电视。)

(3)第二人称单数/复数(You)

You are not drawing a picture.(你们没在画画。)

(4)第一/第三人称复数(We/They)

We are not playing games.(我们没在玩游戏。)

3、一般疑问句Be动词 + 主语 + 现在分词 + 其他? 

肯定回答:Yes, 主语 + am/is/are.

否定回答:No, 主语 + am not/isn’t/aren’t.

(1)第一人称单数(I)

Am I speaking loudly?(我说话大声吗?)

Yes, you are.(是的,你是。) / No, you aren’t.(不,你不是。)

(2)第三人称单数(He/She/It)

Is he singing a song?(他在唱歌吗?)

Yes, he is.(是的,他在唱。)

No, he isn’t.(不,他没在唱。)

(3)第二人称单数/复数(You)

Are you doing sports?(你在做运动吗?)

Yes, I am.(是的,我在做。)

No, I am not.(不,我没在做。)

(4)第一/第三人称复数(We/They)

Are they waiting for the bus?(他们在等公交车吗?)

Yes, they are.(是的,他们在等。)

No, they aren’t.(不,他们没在等。)

4、特殊疑问句特殊疑问词 + Be动词 + 主语 + 现在分词 + 其他

1What(问动作)

What are you doing?(你在做什么?)

I am reading a newspaper.(我在看报纸。)

(2)Who(问主语)

Who is singing in the room?(谁在房间里唱歌?)

Lily is singing.(莉莉在唱歌。)

(3)Where(问地点)

Where is your brother playing football?(你哥哥在哪里踢足球?)

He is playing on the playground.(他在操场上踢。)

(4)Why(问原因)

Why is he running?(他为什么在跑?)

He is running to catch the bus.(他在跑着赶公交车。)

(5)When(问时间,较少用于现在进行时)

动词加ing 的变化规则

1.一般情况下直接加ing

think—thinking       sleep—sleeping       study—studying

speak—speaking       say—saying           carry—carrying

2.以不发音的字母e结尾的单词,去掉字母e,再加ing

come—coming          make—making          leave—leaving

have—having          take—taking          dance—dancing 

3.以重读闭音节结尾++的动词,并且末尾只有一个辅

音字母,应双写末尾辅音字母,再加ing

stop—stopping        sit—sitting          run—running

forget—forgetting    begin—beginning      cut—cutting

这类词还有:begin,cut, get, hit, run, set, sit ,spit, stop, swim, beg, drop, fit, nod,dig, forget, regret, rid, 等。

4.以ie结尾的动词,改ie为y再加ing

die—dying            lie—lying

5.以ee/oe/ye结尾的动词,直接加ing

see—seeing           toe—toeing           dye—dyeing

六、过去进行时 (Past Continuous)   

(一)语法概述

(1)用法: 描述过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。

(2)结构: 主语 + was/were + 动词-ing

(3)标志词: while, when, at 5 p.m. yesterday, during,etc.   

例句:

They were cooking when I called.(我打电话时他们在做饭。)  

They were sleeping when the phone rang.(他们正在睡觉时电话铃响了。)  

(二)句型结构

1、肯定句:主语 + was/were + 动词-ing + 时间状语

单数主语:

She was cooking dinner when I arrived.(我到达时她在做晚饭。)

复数主语:

They were playing basketball at that time.(那时他们在打篮球。)

2、否定句:主语 + wasn’t/weren’t + 动词-ing + 时间状语

单数主语:

He wasn’t reading a book at 8 p.m. yesterday—he was drawing.(他昨晚8点没读书,他在画画。)

复数主语:

They weren’t playing basketball at that time—they were studying.(那时他们没打篮球,他们在学习。)

3、一般疑问句及回答

结构:Was/Were + 主语 + 动词-ing + 时间状语?

肯定回答:Yes, 主语 + was/were.

否定回答:No, 主语 + wasn’t/weren’t.

单数主语:

— Was he reading a book at 8 p.m. yesterday?

(他昨晚8点在读书吗?)

— Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t.(是的,在读书。/ 不,没读。)

复数主语:

— Were they playing basketball at that time?

(那时他们在打篮球吗?)

— Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t.

(是的,在打。/ 不,没打。)

4、特殊疑问句:疑问词 + was/were + 主语 + 动词-ing + 时间状语? 

What(问动作):

— What was he doing at 8 pm yesterday?(他昨晚8点在做什么?)

— He was reading a book.(他在读书。)

When(问时间):

— When were they playing basketball?(他们什么时候在打篮球?)

— They were playing at 3 pm yesterday.

(他们昨天下午3点在打。)

Where(问地点):

— Where were you watching the movie?(你们在哪里看电影的?)

— We were watching it at the cinema.(我们在电影院看的。)

Who(问主语):

— Who was cooking dinner when you arrived?

(你到的时候谁在做晚饭?)

— My mother was cooking.(我妈妈在做。)

- Why(问原因):

— Why weren’t you studying at that time?

(那时你为什么没在学习?)

— I wasn’t studying because I was tired.

(我没学习,因为我累了。)

七、将来进行时 (Future Continuous)  

(一)语法概述

(1)用法: 描述将来某一时间正在进行的动作。

(2)结构: 主语 + will be + 动词-ing   

(3)标志词: at this time tomorrow, at 8 PM next Monday,etc.

例句:

This time tomorrow, I will be flying to London.(明天此时,我将在飞往伦敦的航班上。)  

This time tomorrow, I will be flying to Paris.(明天此时,我将在飞往巴黎的航班上。)   

(二)句型结构

1、肯定句:主语 + will be + 现在分词 + 时间状语

(无人称变化,所有人称均用will,强调“将来某时正在做”)

单数主语:

She will be studying abroad this time next year.

(明年此时她会在国外学习。)

复数主语:

They will be traveling in Japan when you arrive.(你到达时他们会在日本旅行。)

2、否定句:主语 + won’t(will not)be + 现在分词 + 时间状语

He won’t be joining the party tonight—he’s busy.

(他今晚不会参加派对——他很忙。)

3、一般疑问句:Will + 主语 + be + 现在分词 + 时间状语?

肯定回答:Yes, 主语 + will.

否定回答:No, 主语 + won’t.

— Will they be waiting for us at the airport tomorrow?

(他们明天会在机场等我们吗?)

— Yes, they will. / No, they won’t.

(是的,会等。/ 不,不会等。)

4、特殊疑问句:疑问词 + will + 主语 + be + 现在分词 + 时间状语?

What(问动作):

— What will you be doing this time tomorrow?

(明天这个时候你会在做什么?)

— I will be giving a presentation at the company meeting.(我会在公司会议上做汇报。)

When(问时间):

— When will they be arriving at the station?

(他们什么时候会到达车站?)

— They will be arriving around 3 p.m.

(他们下午3点左右会到达。)

Where(问地点):

— Where will your family be staying during the holiday?

(假期你家人会住在哪里?)

— We will be staying at a hotel by the lake.

(我们会住在湖边的酒店。)

Why(问原因):

— Why will she not be coming to the party?

(她为什么不来参加派对?)

— She will be preparing for her exam tomorrow.

(她要准备明天的考试。)

Who(问主语,直接跟will):

— Who will be teaching you English next term?

(下学期谁会教你们英语?)

— Ms. Li will be teaching us English.(李老师会教我们英语。)

5、与一般将来时的区别:

(1)一般将来时(will do):强调“将来会做某事”。

如:He will work tomorrow. 他明天会工作。

(2)将来进行时(will be doing):强调“将来某时正在做某事”。如:He will be working at 9 p.m. tomorrow. 明晚9点他会在工作。

八、过去将来进行时 (Past Future Continuous)  

(一)语法概述

(1)用法: 描述从过去视角看将来某一时间正在进行的动作。

(2)结构: 主语 + would be + 动词-ing  

(3)标志词: at that time the next day, during…

例句:

She knew she would be traveling the next day.(她知道第二天她将在旅行中。)  

She knew she would be working at that time.  

(二)句型结构

1、肯定句(Affirmative Sentence):主语 + would be + 现在分词(doing) + 其他

 She said she would be waiting for us at the airport tomorrow.

(她说她明天会在机场等我们。)

2、否定句(Negative Sentence) :主语 + would not/wouldn’t be + 现在分词(doing) + 其他

 The teacher said we wouldn’t be having a test next week.

(老师说我们下周不会有考试。)

3、一般疑问句(General Question)及其回答

结构:Would + 主语 + be + 现在分词(doing) + 其他?

肯定回答:Yes, 主语 + would.

否定回答:No, 主语 + wouldn’t.

—Would she be staying at home this time tomorrow?

(她明天这个时候会待在家吗?)

—Yes, she would. / No, she wouldn’t.

(是的,她会。/ 不,她不会。)

4、特殊疑问句(Special Question):疑问词 + would + 主语 + be + 现在分词(doing) + 其他?

—What would you be doing at 9 a.m. tomorrow according to the plan?(根据计划,你明天早上9点会在做什么?)

—I would be attending a meeting.(我会在参加会议。)

完成式

现在完成时 (Present Perfect)  

(一)语法概述

1、用法: 强调过去动作对现在的影响或持续到现在的状态。

2、结构: 主语 + have/has + 过去分词  

3、标志词: already, just, yet, ever, never, since, for, recently,etc.  

(二)句型结构

1、肯定句主语 + have/has + 过去分词 + 其他 

结构:主语(I/we/you/they)+ have + 过去分词;

主语(he/she/it)+ has + 过去分词。

常与 already, just, ever, never, before, so far, lately 等时间状语连用。

(1)第一人称单数(I)

I have already eaten breakfast.(我已经吃过早餐了。)

(2)第三人称单数(He/She/It)

She has never been to Paris.(她从未去过巴黎。)

(3)第二人称单数/复数(You)

You have learned a lot of English.(你学了很多英语。)

(4)第一/第三人称复数(We/They)

We have lived here for 5 years.(我们在这里住了5年了。)

2、否定句主语 + have/has + not + 过去分词 + 其他

结构:在 have/has 后加 not,可缩写为 haven’t/hasn’t。

常与 yet(用于句末)等状语连用。

(1)第一人称单数(I)

I haven’t seen your book anywhere.(我哪儿都没看到你的书。)

(2)第三人称单数(He/She/It)

He has not (hasn’t) called me back.(他还没给我回电话。)

(3)第二人称单数/复数(You)

You haven’t answered my question.(你还没回答我的问题。)

(4)第一/第三人称复数(We/They)

We haven’t decided where to go.(我们还没决定去哪里。)

3、一般疑问句Have/Has + 主语 + 过去分词 + 其他?

肯定回答:Yes, 主语 + have/has.

否定回答:No, 主语 + haven’t/hasn’t.

常与 yet, ever 等状语连用(疑问句中 yet 放句末,ever 放中间)。 

(1)第一人称单数(I)

Have I told you about my trip?(我跟你说过我的旅行吗?)

Yes, you have.(是的,你说过。)

No, you haven’t.(不,你没说过。)

(2)第三人称单数(He/She/It)

Has she ever been to Japan?(她去过日本吗?)

Yes, she has.(是的,她去过。)

No, she hasn’t.(不,她没去过。)

(3)第二人称单数/复数(You)

Have you finished the report yet?(你完成报告了吗?)

Yes, I have.(是的,完成了。)

No, I haven’t.(不,还没完成。)

(4)第一/第三人称复数(We/They)

Have we met before?(我们以前见过吗?)

Yes, you have.(是的,见过。)

No, you haven’t.(不,没见过。)

3、特殊疑问句特殊疑问词 + have/has + 主语 + 过去分词 + 其他?

1What(问动作/事物)

What have you done today?(你今天做了什么?)

I have cleaned the house and cooked dinner.

(我打扫了房子,做了晚饭。)

(2)Who(问主语/宾语)

Who has borrowed my pen?(谁借了我的笔?)

Lily has borrowed it.(莉莉借了。)

(3)Where(问地点)

Where have you been?(你去过哪里?)

I have been to the library.(我去了图书馆。)

Where has she gone?(她去哪里了?)

She has gone to the park.(她去公园了。)

(4)Why(问原因)

Why have you not finished it?(你为什么还没完成?)

I haven’t finished it because it’s too difficult.

(因为太难了,所以没完成。)

(5)How long(问时长,需与延续性动词连用)

How long have you lived here?(你在这里住了多久?)

I have lived here for 10 years.(我住了10年了。)

七、过去完成时 (Past Perfect)  

(一)语法概述

(1)用法: 表示“过去的过去”,强调动作的先后顺序。

(2)结构: 主语 + had + 过去分词  

(3)标志词: by the time, before, after, already, by 2020,etc. 

(二)句型结构

1、肯定句:主语 + had + 过去分词 + 时间状语

单数主语:

She had left the city before the storm came.

(暴风雨来临前她已经离开了城市。)

复数主语:

We had studied English for 5 years before we went to high school.(上高中前我们已经学了5年英语。)

2、否定句 :主语 + hadn’t(had not) + 过去分词 + 时间状语

单数主语:

He hadn’t finished his homework by 9 pm yesterday—he was still working on it.(他昨晚9点前没完成作业,还在做。)

复数主语:

They hadn’t seen the movie when we arrived—they were waiting for us.(我们到的时候他们还没看电影,在等我们。)

3、一般疑问句:Had + 主语 + 过去分词 + 时间状语?

肯定回答:Yes, 主语 + had.

否定回答:No, 主语 + hadn’t.

单数主语:

— Had he finished his homework by 9 p.m. yesterday?

(他昨晚9点前完成作业了吗?)

— Yes, he had. / No, he hadn’t.

(是的,完成了。/ 不,没完成。)

复数主语:

— Had they seen the movie before we arrived?

(我们到之前他们看过这部电影了吗?)

— Yes, they had. / No, they hadn’t.

(是的,看过了。/ 不,没看过。)

4、特殊疑问句:疑问词 + had + 主语 + 过去分词 + 时间状语?

What(问动作):

— What had she done before the meeting started?

(会议开始前她做了什么?)

— She had prepared all the documents.(她准备好了所有文件。)

When(问时间):

— When had they left the party?(他们什么时候离开派对的?)

— They had left before the music stopped.

(他们在音乐停止前就离开了。)

Why(问原因):

— Why had he canceled the trip?(他为什么取消了旅行?)

— He had canceled it because of the bad weather.

(因为天气不好他取消了。)

Who(问主语):

— Who had eaten all the cake before dinner?

(谁在晚饭前把蛋糕全吃了?)

— My brother had eaten it.(我弟弟吃了。)

Where(问地点):

— Where had you studied before you came here?

(来这里之前你在哪里学习?)

— I had studied in London for three years.

(我在伦敦学了三年。)

十一、将来完成时 (Future Perfect)  

(一)语法概述

(1)用法: 表示在将来某一时间点前完成的动作。

(2)结构: 主语 + will have + 过去分词  

(3)标志词: by, by the time, by 2030, before,etc. 

(二)句型结构

1、肯定句:主语 + will have + 过去分词 + 时间状语

(无人称变化,所有人称均用will,强调“到将来某时为止已完成”)

单数主语:

He will have finished the project by Friday.

(到周五他会完成这个项目。)

复数主语:

They will have arrived in Beijing by the time you call them.(等你打电话给他们时,他们已经到北京了。)

2、否定句:主语 + won’t(will not)have + 过去分词 + 时间状语

The rain will not have stopped by the time we start our trip.(等我们出发时,雨还不会停。)

3、一般疑问句:Will + 主语 + have + 过去分词 + 时间状语?

肯定回答:Yes, 主语 + will.

否定回答:No, 主语 + won’t.

— Will they have left for Shanghai by the time we arrive?(等我们到的时候,他们已经出发去上海了吗?)

— Yes, they will. / No, they won’t.

(是的,已经出发了。/ 不,还没出发。)

4、特殊疑问句:疑问词 + will + 主语 + have + 过去分词 + 时间状语?

What(问完成的动作):

— What will you have done by the end of this month?

(到这个月底你会完成什么?)

— I will have written two research papers.

(我会写完两篇研究论文。)

When(问完成的时间):

— When will they have fixed the computer?

(他们什么时候会修好电脑?)

— They will have fixed it by noon.(他们中午前会修好。)

Who(问完成动作的主语):

— Who will have designed the new logo by next week?

(到下周谁会设计好新logo?)

— My colleague will have designed it.(我的同事会设计好。)

How many(问完成的数量):

— How many countries will she have visited by her 30th birthday?(到她30岁生日时,她会去过多少个国家?)

— She will have visited at least 15 countries.

(她会去过至少15个国家。)

Why(问未完成的原因):

— Why won’t he have finished the task on time?

(他为什么没按时完成任务?)

— He will have been too busy with other projects.

(他会因为忙于其他项目而没完成。)

5、与一般将来时的区别:

(1) 一般将来时(will do):强调“将来会做某事”(如He will finish the project. 他会完成项目)。

(2)将来完成时(will have done):强调“到将来某时已完成”(如He will have finished the project by Friday. 到周五他会完成项目)。

十二、过去将来完成时 (Past Future Perfect)  

(一)语法概述

(1)用法: 表示从过去视角看将来某一时间前完成的动作。

(2)结构: 主语 + would have + 过去分词  

(3)标志词: by the end of…, by then,etc.  

(二)句型结构

1、肯定句(Affirmative Sentence):主语 + would have + 过去分词(done)+ 其他(常与by + 将来时间连用)

They believed we would have arrived in Beijing by 9 p.m.

(他们认为我们到晚上9点就会抵达北京。)

2、否定句(Negative Sentence):主语 + would not/wouldn’t have + 过去分词(done)+ 其他

The teacher thought the students wouldn’t have mastered the grammar by then.(老师以为学生到那时还没掌握语法。)

3、一般疑问句(General Question):Would + 主语 + have + 过去分词(done) + 其他?

肯定回答:Yes, 主语 + would.

否定回答:No, 主语 + wouldn’t.

—Would they have completed the project by next month?

(到下个月他们会完成项目吗?)

—Yes, they would. / No, they wouldn’t.

(是的,会完成。/ 不,不会完成。)

4、特殊疑问句(Special Question):疑问词 + would + 主语 + have + 过去分词(done) + 其他?

—What would they have achieved by the end of the year?

(到年底他们会取得什么成就?)

—They would have achieved their sales goals.

(他们会完成销售目标。)

完成进行式

十三现在完成进行时 (Present Perfect Continuous)  

(一)语法概述

(1)用法: 强调动作从过去持续到现在,并可能继续。

(2)结构: 主语 + have/has + been + 动词-ing  

(3)标志词: for, since, all day/week, how long  

(二)句型结构

1、肯定句主语 + have/has been + 现在分词 + 其他

结构:主语(I/we/you/they)+ have been + v-ing;

主语(he/she/it)+ has been + v-ing。

常与 lately, recently, for + 时间段, since + 时间点, all day, these days 等状语连用,强调动作的持续性。

1第一人称单数(I)

I have been studying English for 3 hours.

(我已经学英语3小时了。)

2第三人称单数(He/She/It) 

She has been working on the project all morning.

(她整个上午都在做这个项目。)

(3)第二人称单数/复数(You)

You have been practicing the piano lately.

(你最近一直在练钢琴。)

(4)第一/第三人称复数(We/They)

We have been living in this city since 2018.

(我们从2018年起就一直住在这个城市。)

2、否定句主语 + have/has not been + 现在分词 + 其他

结构:在 have/has 后加 not,缩写为 haven’t/hasn’t been,常与 lately, recently连用。

(1)第一人称单数(I)

I haven’t been sleeping well these days.(我最近一直没睡好。)

(2)第三人称单数(He/She/It)

He hasn’t been calling me recently.(他最近一直没给我打电话。)

(3)第二人称单数/复数(You) 

You haven’t been practicing enough.(你练习得不够。)

(4)第一/第三人称复数(We/They)

We haven’t been traveling much since the pandemic.

(疫情以来我们一直没怎么旅行。)

3、一般疑问句Have/Has + 主语 + been + 现在分词 + 其他?

肯定回答:Yes, 主语 + have/has (been).

否定回答:No, 主语 + haven’t/hasn’t (been).

常与 lately, recently, how long 等状语搭配,询问动作是否持续进行。

(1)第一人称单数(I)

Have I been bothering you?(我一直在打扰你吗?)

Yes, you have (been).(是的,有点。)

No, you haven’t (been).(不,没有。)

(2)第三人称单数(He/She/It)

Has she been feeling sick?(她一直感觉不舒服吗?)

Yes, she has (been).(是的,她一直不舒服。)

No, she hasn’t (been).(不,她没有。)

(3)第二人称单数/复数(You) 

Have you been working out recently?(你最近一直在锻炼吗?)

Yes, I have (been).(是的,我一直在锻炼。)

No, I haven’t (been).(不,没怎么锻炼。)

4第一/第三人称复数(We/They) 

Have we been driving in the wrong direction?

(我们一直都在开错方向吗?)

Yes, you have (been).(是的,方向错了。)

No, you haven’t (been).(不,方向对的。)

4、特殊疑问句特殊疑问词 + Have/Has + 主语 + been + 现在分词 + 其他?

1What(问动作内容)

What have you been doing all morning?

(你整个上午一直在做什么?)

I have been cleaning the kitchen.(我一直在打扫厨房。)

(2)Who(问主语)

Who has been using my laptop?(谁一直在用我的笔记本电脑?)

Your brother has been using it.(你弟弟一直在用。)

(3)Where(问地点)

Where have you been staying in Beijing?

(你在北京一直住在哪里?)

I have been staying at a friend’s house.(我一直住在朋友家。)

(4)Why(问原因) 

Why have you been avoiding me?(你为什么一直躲着我?)

I have been avoiding you because I’m busy.

(因为我很忙,所以一直躲着你。)

(5)How long(问持续时间,必与 for/since 连用)

How long have you been learning Spanish?(你学西班牙语多久了?)

I have been learning it for 2 years.(我学了2年了。)

5、注意事项:

(1)仅用于延续性动词(如:work, study, live),不可用于瞬间动词(如:die, arrive);

(2)若瞬间动词用现在完成进行时,常表示“反复发生的动作”

如: She has been jumping. 她一直在跳。

(3)与现在完成时(Present Perfect)的区别:

现在完成时强调“动作结果”已完成。

如: I have finished the work.

现在完成进行时强调“动作持续”。

如: I have been finishing the work. 一直在做,可能未完成。十四、过去完成进行时 (Past Perfect Continuous)  

(一)语法概述

(1)用法: 强调过去某一动作持续到另一个过去时间点。

(2)结构: 主语 + had + been + 动词-ing   

(3)标志词: for, since, how long, by the time,etc. 

(二)句型结构

1、肯定句 :主语 + had been + 现在分词 + 时间状语

单数主语:

He had been working in the company for 10 years before he resigned.(他辞职前已经在这家公司工作了10年。)

复数主语:

We had been discussing the plan for hours before we reached an agreement.(达成一致前,我们已经讨论这个计划好几个小时了。)

2、否定句:主语 + hadn’t(had not)been + 现在分词 + 时间状语

单数主语:

He hadn’t been sleeping well for weeks before he saw the doctor.(看医生前,他已经好几周没睡好了。)

复数主语:

They hadn’t been working on the project long when the manager changed the plan.(经理改变计划时,他们刚开始做这个项目不久。)

3、一般疑问句:Had + 主语 + been + 现在分词 + 时间状语?

肯定回答:Yes, 主语 + had.

否定回答:No, 主语 + hadn’t.

单数主语:

— Had he been playing games all night before he fell asleep?(他睡着前是不是整晚都在玩游戏?)

— Yes, he had. / No, he hadn’t.

(是的,整晚都在玩。/ 不,没有。)

复数主语:

— Had they been talking about the movie before we joined the conversation?(我们加入对话前,他们一直在聊这部电影吗?)

— Yes, they had. / No, they hadn’t.

(是的,一直在聊。/ 不,没有。)

4、特殊疑问句:疑问词 + had + 主语 + been + 现在分词 + 时间状语?

What(问动作):

— What had she been doing before she called you?

(她打电话给你之前一直在做什么?)

— She had been cooking dinner for her family.

(她一直在给家人做晚饭。)

How long(问时长):

— How long had they been waiting at the airport before the flight was delayed?(航班延误前,他们在机场等了多久?)

— They had been waiting for 2 hours.(他们等了2个小时。)

Why(问原因):

— Why had he been avoiding you recently before you apologized?(你道歉前,他为什么一直躲着你?)

— He had been avoiding you because he was angry about the misunderstanding.(因为误会生气,所以一直躲着你。)

Who(问主语,需调整语序):

— Who had been teaching them French before Mr. Smith came?(史密斯先生来之前,谁一直在教他们法语?)

— Mrs. Jones had been teaching them.(琼斯太太一直在教他们。)

Where(问地点):

— Where had you been living before you moved to this city?(搬到这个城市前,你一直住在哪里?)

— I had been living in a small town near the coast.

(我一直住在海边的一个小镇上。)

5、注意:

(1)表示过去某一时间前持续进行且可能刚结束的动作。

(2) 强调动作对过去某一时间点的影响或结果。

(3)与过去完成时的区别:

过去完成时(had done)强调“已完成”。

如:He had finished the work. 他已完成工作。

过去完成进行时(had been doing)强调“持续进行”

如:He had been doing the work. 他一直在做这项工作。

十二、将来完成进行时 (Future Perfect Continuous)  

(一)语法概述

(1)用法: 强调动作持续到将来某一时间点。

(2)结构: 主语 + will have been + 动词-ing  

(3)标志词: by…for, by the time…for,etc.   

(二)句型结构

1、肯定句 :主语 + will have been + 现在分词 + 时间状语

(无人称变化,所有人称均用will,强调“到将来某时为止一直在做某事”)

单数主语:

By next month, she will have been working as a teacher for 10 years.(到下个月,她当老师就满10年了。)

复数主语:

They will have been living in this city for five years by the end of 2025.(到2025年底,他们在这个城市就住满五年了。)

2、否定句:主语 + won’t(will not)have been + 现在分词 + 时间状语

(表示“到将来某时为止不会一直做某事”,或“持续时间未达预期”)

By the time the party starts, she won’t have been waiting for us for more than 10 minutes.

(等派对开始时,她等我们不会超过10分钟。)

3、一般疑问句:Will + 主语 + have been + 现在分词 + 时间状语?

肯定回答:Yes, 主语 + will.

否定回答:No, 主语 + won’t.

— Will you have been working on this project by the end of the week?(到周末你会一直在做这个项目吗?)

— Yes, I will.(是的,会一直在做。)

— No, I won’t.(不,不会一直做。)

4、特殊疑问句:疑问词 + will + 主语 + have been + 现在分词 + 时间状语?

How long(问持续时长):

— How long will you have been learning piano by your 18th birthday?(到你18岁生日时,你学钢琴多久了?)

— I will have been learning it for 12 years.(我会学了12年。)

What(问正在进行的动作):

— What will they have been doing by the time we arrive?

(等我们到的时候,他们会一直在做什么?)

— They will have been preparing the dinner for hours.

(他们会一直在准备晚餐,已经准备好几个小时了。)

Who(问进行动作的主语):

— Who will have been waiting for us at the airport by 9 p.m.?(到晚上9点,谁会一直在机场等我们?)

— My brother will have been waiting there for us.

(我哥哥会一直在那里等我们。)

Why(问未持续的原因):

— Why won’t she have been practicing the song by the concert?(为什么到音乐会时她没一直在练习这首歌?)

— She will have been busy with other performances.

(她会一直忙于其他演出。)

Where(问持续的地点):

— Where will you have been living for five years by 2030?(到2030年,你会在哪里住满五年?)

— I will have been living in Shanghai by then.

(到那时我会在上海住满五年。)

5、与将来完成时的区别:

(1)将来完成时(will have done):强调“到将来某时已完成的动作”。

如:He will have finished the book. 他会读完书。

(2)将来完成进行时(will have been doing):强调“到将来某时一直在持续的动作”。

如:He will have been reading the book for 3 hours.

他会一直读书读了3小时。

(3)动词选择:多用延续性动词(如work, live, study, wait),不与短暂性动词(如finish, arrive)连用(短暂性动词可用完成时,但进行时无意义)。

十六、过去将来完成进行时 (Past Future Perfect Continuous)  

(一)语法概述

(1)用法: 强调从过去视角看动作持续到将来某一时间点。

(2)结构: 主语 + would have been + 动词-ing   

(3)标志词: by…for    

(二)句型结构

1、肯定句(Affirmative Sentence):主语 + would have been + 现在分词(doing) + 其他(常与 by + 将来时间 或 when 引导的从句连用) 

She said she would have been working at the company for 10 years by next month.

(她说到下个月,她就已经在这家公司工作满10年了。)

2、否定句(Negative Sentence):主语 + would not/wouldn’t have been + 现在分词(doing) + 其他 

The teacher thought the students wouldn’t have been practicing the song long enough by the concert.

(老师认为到音乐会时,学生们练习这首歌的时间还不够长。)

3、一般疑问句(General Question):Would + 主语 + have been + 现在分词(doing) + 其他?

肯定回答:Yes, 主语 + would.

否定回答:No, 主语 + wouldn’t. 

—Would they have been living in that city for 20 years by next summer?(到明年夏天,他们会已经在那座城市生活20年了吗?)

—Yes, they would. / No, they wouldn’t.

(是的,会的。/ 不,不会。)

4、特殊疑问句(Special Question):疑问词 + would + 主语 + have been + 现在分词(doing) + 其他? 

—What would he have been doing before the meeting started?

(会议开始前,他会一直在做什么?)

—He would have been preparing the presentation materials.

(他会一直在准备演示材料。)

5、核心用法总结: 

1. 结构:would have been + 现在分词(doing),强调“从过去某一时间看,到将来某一时间为止一直持续的动作”,具有持续性和未完成性(可能仍会继续)。

2. 时间状语:常与 by + 将来时间(如:by next month, by 2025) 或 when/by the time 引导的将来时间从句连用,明确动作的截止点。

3. 语境:多用于宾语从句(如:said, believed, thought 等引导的从句),以过去视角谈论将来某一时间前的持续动作,类似“过去的将来的完成进行”。

一般现在时

一般过去时

一般将来时

过去将来时

现在进行时

过去进行时

将来进行时

过去将来进行时

现在完成时

过去完成时

将来完成时

过去将来完成时

现在完成进行时

过去完成进行时

将来完成进行时

过去将来完成进行时