一、一般现在时 (Simple Present)
(一)语法概述
1、用法: 表示习惯、真理或普遍事实。
2、结构: 主语 + 动词原形(第三人称单数加-s)
3、标志词: always, usually, often, sometimes, every day/week, never,etc.
(二)句型结构(分be动词和实义动词两种情况)
1、含 be 动词的情况
肯定句:主语 + am/is/are + 其他。
She is a teacher.(她是一名教师。)
否定句:主语 + am/is/are + not + 其他。
She is not a teacher.(她不是一名教师。)
一般疑问句:Am/Is/Are + 主语 + 其他?
Is she a teacher?
肯定回答:Yes, she is.(是的,她是。)
否定回答:No, she isn’t.(不,她不是。)
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词 + am/is/are + 主语 + 其他?
—Where is she?(她在哪里?)
—She is in the office.(她在办公室。)
2、含实义动词的情况
(1)主语是第三人称单数(如: he, she, it)
肯定句:主语 + 动词第三人称单数形式(如-s/-es)+ 其他。
He likes reading.(他喜欢阅读。)
否定句:主语 + doesn’t + 动词原形 + 其他。
He doesn’t like reading.(他不喜欢阅读。)
一般疑问句:Does + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他?
Does he like reading?
肯定回答:Yes, he does.(是的,他喜欢。)
否定回答:No, he doesn’t.(不,他不喜欢。)
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词 + does + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他?
—What does he like?(他喜欢什么?)
—He likes painting.(他喜欢绘画。)
(2)主语不是第三人称单数(如 I, you, we, they)
肯定句:主语 + 动词原形 + 其他。
They play basketball.(他们打篮球。)
否定句:主语 + don’t + 动词原形 + 其他。
They don’t play basketball.(他们不打篮球。)
一般疑问句:Do + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他?
Do they play basketball?
肯定回答:Yes, they do.(是的,他们打。)
否定回答:No, they don’t.(不,他们不打。)
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词 + do + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他?
—What do they do on weekends?(他们周末做什么?)
—They play basketball.(他们打篮球。)
(三)一般现在时第三人称单数形式的变化规则
1、一般情况下,直接在词尾加-s
e.g. play-plays run-runs
2、以s、x、ch、sh、o结尾的单词,加-es
e.g. fix—fixes teach—teaches
3、以辅音字母+y结尾的单词,变y为i,再加-es
e.g. study-studies fly— flies
4、不规则变化:have-has
二、一般过去时 (Simple Past)
(一)语法概述
(1)用法: 表示过去完成的动作或状态。
(2)结构: 主语 + 动词过去式
(3)标志词: yesterday, last week/year, ago, in 2020, when I was…,etc.
(二)句型结构(涵盖行为动词和be动词两种情况)
1、行为动词
(1)肯定句:主语 + 动词过去式 + 时间状语
I played basketball yesterday.(我昨天打篮球了。)
(2)否定句:主语 + didn’t + 动词原形 + 时间状语
I didn’t play basketball yesterday.(我昨天没打篮球。)
(3)一般疑问句:Did + 主语 + 动词原形 + 时间状语?
肯定回答:Yes, 主语 + did.
否定回答:No, 主语 + didn’t.
— Did you play basketball yesterday?(你昨天打篮球了吗?)
— Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.(是的,打了。/ 不,没打。)
(4)特殊疑问句:疑问词 + did + 主语 + 动词原形 + 时间状语?
—What did you play yesterday?(你昨天玩了什么?)
—I played basketball.(我打篮球了。)
2、Be动词(was/were)
(1)肯定句:主语 + was/were + 表语(形容词/名词/介词短语等)+ 时间状语
He was at home yesterday.(他昨天在家。)
(2)否定句:主语 + wasn’t/weren’t + 表语 + 时间状语
He wasn’t at home yesterday.(他昨天不在家。)
(3)一般疑问句:Was/Were + 主语 + 表语 + 时间状语?
肯定回答:Yes, 主语 + was/were.
否定回答:No, 主语 + wasn’t/weren’t.
— Was he at home yesterday?(他昨天在家吗?)
— Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t.(是的,在家。/ 不,不在。)
(4)特殊疑问句:疑问词 + was/were + 主语 + 时间状语?
Where was he yesterday?(他昨天在哪里?)
He was at home.(他在家。)
(三)动词过去式和过去分词的变化规则
1、规则动词的变化规则(规则动词的过去式和过去分词变化一致)
(1)一般情况下,在动词原形后面加-ed。
e.g. look→looked play→played start→started
(2)以不发音e结尾的动词,在词尾直接加-d。如:live→lived use→used
(3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,先将y改为i,再加-ed。
e.g. study→studied try→tried
(4)以重读闭音节(即辅音+元音+辅音)或r音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,要先双写辅音字母,再加-ed。
e.g. stop→stopped plan→planned prefer→preferred
2、不规则动词表(原形 过去式 过去分词 汉语意思)
(1)AAA型
read—read—read 读 cut—cut—cut 切,割
let—let—let 让 put—put—put 放
cost—cost—cost 花费,值 hit—hit—hit 撞,击
set—set—set 安排,安置 hurt—hurt—hurt 使…伤痛
bet—bet—bet 赌博,打赌 cast—cast—cast 抛
(2)AAB型
beat—beat—beaten 打败
(3)ABA型
become—became—become 成为 come—came—come 来
run—ran—run 跑 throw—threw—thrown 扔
(4)ABB型:
①原形→aught→aught
catch—caught—caught 捉,抓 teach—taught—taught 教
② 原形→ought→ought
bring—brought—brought 带来 buy—bought—bought 买
fight—fought—fought 打架 think—thought—thought 思考
seek—sought—sought 寻求
③原形→t→t
feel—felt—felt 感到 keep—kept—kept 保持
leave—left—left 离开 sleep—slept—slept 睡
sweep—swept—swept 打扫 smell—smelt—smelt 闻
retell—retold—retold 复述
④变其中一个元音字母
feed—fed—fed 喂 meet—met—met 遇见
get—got—got 得到 hold—held—held 拥有
babysit—babysat—babysat临时照看 sit—sat—sat 坐
win—won—won 赢 find—found—found 发现
bend—bent—bent 使弯曲 dig—dug—dug 挖
lead—led—led 引导 sell—sold—sold 卖
⑤变其中一个辅音字母
build—built—built 建造 hear—heard—heard 听见
make—made—made 制造 mean—meant—meant 意思
send—sent—sent 送,寄 spend—spent—spent 花费
deal—dealt—dealt 处理 rebuild—rebuilt—rebuilt重建
lend—lent—lent 借贷
⑥辅音字母和元音字母都变
have—had—had 有,吃 lay—laid—laid 放置,产卵
lose—lost—lost 丢失 pay—paid—paid 付钱
say—said—said 说 sell—sold—sold 卖
tell—told—told 告诉 stand—stood—stood 站
shoot—shot—shot 放炮,开枪
understand—understood—understood 理解
misunderstand—misunderstood—misunderstood 误解
(5)ABC型:
①ow →ew→own
blow-blew—blown 吹 draw—drew—drawn 画
grow—grew—grown 生长 know—knew—known 知道
②i→a→u
begin—began—begun 开始 drink—drank—drunk 喝
sing—sang—sung 唱 swim—swam—swum 游泳
ring—rang—rung 打电话
③ 原形→过去式→过去式+(e)n
forget—forgot—forgotten 忘记 speak—spoke—spoken 说
freeze—froze—frozen 冻 choose—chose—chosen 选择
drive—drove—driven 驾驶 hide—hid—hidden 躲藏
rise—rose—risen 上升 shake—shook—shaken 摇
mistake—mistook—mistaken 误解
④原形→过去式→原形+(e)n
eat—ate—eaten 吃 forbid—forbade—forbidden 禁止
give—gave—given 给 ride—rode—ridden 骑
see—saw—seen 看见 write—wrote—written 写
fall—fell—fallen 落下 break—broke—broken 打破,折断
forgive—forgave—forgiven 原谅;宽恕
⑤无规律
am/is—was—been 是 are—were—been 是
do—did—done 做 go—went—gone 走
take—took—taken 拿
(6)有两种形式
bear—bore—born bear—bore—borne 生
learn—learned—learned learn—learnt—learnt 学
show—showed—showed show—showed—shown 给…看
spell—spelled—spelled spell—spelt—spelt 拼写
burn—burned—burned burn—burnt—burnt 烧
smell—smelled—smelled smell—smelt—smelt 闻
shine—shined—shined shine—shone—shone 照耀
dream—dreamed—dreamed dream—dreamt—dreamt 做梦
wake—waked—waked wake—woke—woken 醒
lie—lied—lied 说谎 lie—lay—lain 躺
hang—hanged—hanged 吊死 hang— hung—hung 挂
三、一般将来时 (Simple Future)
(一)语法概述
(1)用法: 表示将来的动作或预测。
(2)结构: 主语 + will/shall + 动词原形
(3)标志词: tomorrow, next week/year, soon, in the future,etc.
(二)句型结构
1、肯定句
结构1:主语 + will + 动词原形 + 时间状语
(表未来发生的动作,无人称变化,可用于所有人称)
单数主语:
He will visit Paris next month.(他下个月将去巴黎。)
复数主语:
We will meet you at the airport later.(我们稍后会在机场见你。)
结构2:主语 + be going to + 动词原形 + 时间状语
(表计划/打算,be动词随主语变化:am/is/are)
单数主语:
He is going to buy a new car this year.(他今年打算买辆新车。)
复数主语:
They are going to travel to Japan this summer.
(他们今年夏天打算去日本旅行。)
2、否定句
结构1:主语 + won’t(will not)+ 动词原形 + 时间状语
They will not start the meeting until everyone arrives.
(等人到齐了他们才会开始会议。)
结构2:主语 + be not going to + 动词原形 + 时间状语
(am not/is not/are not going to,可缩写为:’m not/isn’t/aren’t going to)
She isn’t going to study abroad next year.
(她明年不打算出国学习。)
3、一般疑问句
结构1:Will + 主语 + 动词原形 + 时间状语?
肯定回答:Yes, 主语 + will.
否定回答:No, 主语 + won’t.
— Will you attend the conference next week?
(你下周会参加会议吗?)
— Yes, I will. / No, I won’t.(是的,我会。/ 不,我不会。)
结构2:Be + 主语 + going to + 动词原形 + 时间状语?
肯定回答:Yes, 主语 + am/is/are.
否定回答:No, 主语 + am not/isn’t/aren’t.
— Is she going to visit her grandparents this weekend?
(她这周末打算去看祖父母吗?)
— Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t.
(是的,打算去。/ 不,不打算去。)
4、特殊疑问句
结构1:疑问词 + will + 主语 + 动词原形 + 时间状语?
(适用于will结构)
What(问动作):
— What will you do this summer?(你今年夏天会做什么?)
— I will take a cooking course.(我会参加一个烹饪课程。)
When(问时间):
— When will they arrive at the station?(他们什么时候到车站?)
— They will arrive at 3 p.m.(他们下午3点到。)
Who(问主语,直接跟will):
— Who will help us with the project?(谁会帮我们做这个项目?)
— Tom will help us.(汤姆会帮我们。)
结构2:疑问词 + be + 主语 + going to + 动词原形 + 时间状语?
(适用于be going to结构)
Where(问地点):
— Where are you going to stay during the holiday?
(假期你打算住哪里?)
— I’m going to stay at a hotel by the beach.
(我打算住在海边的酒店。)
How(问方式/程度):
— How is she going to solve the problem?
(她打算怎么解决这个问题?)
— She is going to ask her teacher for help.
(她打算向老师求助。)
Why(问原因):
— Why are they going to cancel the trip?
(他们为什么打算取消旅行?)
— They are going to cancel it because of the bad weather.(因为天气不好,所以打算取消。)
注意:
1、Will 结构:强调未来的意愿、预测或客观事实(无人称变化,所有人称用will)。
2、Be going to 结构:强调计划、打算或根据迹象推断的未来(be动词随主语变化:am/is/are)。
四、过去将来时 (Simple Past Future)
(一)语法概述
(1)用法: 表示从过去视角看将来可能发生的事。
(2)结构: 主语 + would/should + 动词原形
(3)标志词: said/told (表示过去视角的将来), the next day,etc.
(二)句型结构
1、肯定句:
would 型:主语 + would + 动词原形 + 时间状语
was/were going to 型:主语 + was/were going to + 动词原形 + 时间状语
(would 无人称变化,was/were 根据主语单复数选择)
(1)would 型(表意愿/预测):
She promised she would write to me as soon as she arrived.(她答应一到就给我写信。)
(2)was/were going to 型(表计划/打算):
We were going to have a picnic this weekend, but it rained.(我们本打算这周末去野餐,但下雨了。)
2、否定句:
would 型:主语 + would not (wouldn’t) + 动词原形 + 时间状语
was/were going to 型:主语 + was/were not going to + 动词原形 + 时间状语
(1)would 型:
They told us they wouldn’t stay for dinner that night.
(他们告诉我们那晚不会留下来吃晚饭。)
(2)was/were going to 型:
She wasn’t going to attend the meeting because of her illness.(她因生病不打算参加会议。)
3、一般疑问句:
would 型:Would + 主语 + 动词原形 + 时间状语?
肯定回答:Yes, 主语 + would.
否定回答:No, 主语 + wouldn’t.
was/were going to 型:Was/Were + 主语 + going to + 动词原形 + 时间状语?
肯定回答:Yes, 主语 + was/were.
否定回答:No, 主语 + wasn’t/weren’t.
(1)would 型:
— Would they come to the party if we invited them?
(如果我们邀请他们,他们会来参加派对吗?)
— Yes, they would. / No, they wouldn’t.
(是的,会来。/ 不,不会来。)
(2)was/were going to 型:
— Was he going to study abroad before he got the job offer?(在拿到工作 offer 前,他打算出国学习吗?)
— Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t.
(是的,打算去。/ 不,没打算。)
4、特殊疑问句
结构:疑问词 + would/was/were + 主语 + 动词原形 + 时间状语?
(1)What(问动作):
— What was she going to buy for her mother’s birthday?
(她打算给妈妈买什么生日礼物?)
— She was going to buy a scarf and a card.
(她打算买一条围巾和一张贺卡。)
(2)When(问时间):
— When would he return to his hometown?(他何时会回老家?)
— He would return during the Spring Festival.
(他会在春节期间回去。)
(3)Where(问地点):
— Where would they meet the next day?
(他们第二天会在哪里见面?)
— They would meet at the school gate.(他们会在校门口见面。)
(4)Why(问原因):
— Why wouldn’t they join the trip with us?
(他们为什么不和我们一起去旅行?)
— Because they would have an exam the next day.
(因为他们第二天有考试。)
(5)How(问方式/情况):
— How would they solve the problem without any help?
(没有帮助他们会如何解决问题?)
— They would try to find a solution by themselves.
(他们会尝试自己找办法。)
5、核心用法总结:
(1)would + 动词原形(表过去视角的“将会”,无人称变化,可表意愿/预测)。
(2)was/were going to + 动词原形(表过去视角的“打算/计划”,主语单复数决定用was/were)。
(3)使用场景:常用于宾语从句或间接引语中,主句为过去时(如said, thought, promised, knew等),从句表示从过去某时看即将发生的动作。
(4)与一般将来时的区别:
①一般将来时(will/shall do):从现在视角看将来。
e.g.He will visit us tomorrow.
②过去将来时(would/was/were going to do):从过去视角看将来。
e.g.He said he would visit us the next day.
五、现在进行时 (Present Continuous)
(一)语法概述
1、用法: 表示正在进行的动作或临时情况。
2、结构: 主语 + am/is/are + 动词-ing
3、标志词: now, right now, at the moment, currently, this week.
(二)句型结构
1、肯定句:主语 + am/is/are + 现在分词 + 其他。
(1)第一人称单数(I)
I am reading a book.(我正在读一本书。)
(2)第三人称单数(He/She/It)
He is playing basketball.(他正在打篮球。)
(3)第二人称单数/复数(You)
You are watching a movie.(你们正在看电影。)
(4)第一/第三人称复数(We/They)
We are doing our homework.(我们正在做作业。)
2、否定句:主语 + am/is/are + not + 现在分词 + 其他。
(1)第一人称单数(I)
I am not writing a letter.(我没在写信。)
(2)第三人称单数(He/She/It)
He is not watching TV.(他没在看电视。)
(3)第二人称单数/复数(You)
You are not drawing a picture.(你们没在画画。)
(4)第一/第三人称复数(We/They)
We are not playing games.(我们没在玩游戏。)
3、一般疑问句:Be动词 + 主语 + 现在分词 + 其他?
肯定回答:Yes, 主语 + am/is/are.
否定回答:No, 主语 + am not/isn’t/aren’t.
(1)第一人称单数(I)
Am I speaking loudly?(我说话大声吗?)
Yes, you are.(是的,你是。) / No, you aren’t.(不,你不是。)
(2)第三人称单数(He/She/It)
Is he singing a song?(他在唱歌吗?)
Yes, he is.(是的,他在唱。)
No, he isn’t.(不,他没在唱。)
(3)第二人称单数/复数(You)
Are you doing sports?(你在做运动吗?)
Yes, I am.(是的,我在做。)
No, I am not.(不,我没在做。)
(4)第一/第三人称复数(We/They)
Are they waiting for the bus?(他们在等公交车吗?)
Yes, they are.(是的,他们在等。)
No, they aren’t.(不,他们没在等。)
4、特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词 + Be动词 + 主语 + 现在分词 + 其他
(1)What(问动作)
What are you doing?(你在做什么?)
I am reading a newspaper.(我在看报纸。)
(2)Who(问主语)
Who is singing in the room?(谁在房间里唱歌?)
Lily is singing.(莉莉在唱歌。)
(3)Where(问地点)
Where is your brother playing football?(你哥哥在哪里踢足球?)
He is playing on the playground.(他在操场上踢。)
(4)Why(问原因)
Why is he running?(他为什么在跑?)
He is running to catch the bus.(他在跑着赶公交车。)
(5)When(问时间,较少用于现在进行时)
(三)动词加ing 的变化规则
1.一般情况下直接加ing。
think—thinking sleep—sleeping study—studying
speak—speaking say—saying carry—carrying
2.以不发音的字母e结尾的单词,去掉字母e,再加ing。
come—coming make—making leave—leaving
have—having take—taking dance—dancing
3.以重读闭音节结尾(辅+元+辅)的动词,并且末尾只有一个辅
音字母,应双写末尾辅音字母,再加ing。
stop—stopping sit—sitting run—running
forget—forgetting begin—beginning cut—cutting
这类词还有:begin,cut, get, hit, run, set, sit ,spit, stop, swim, beg, drop, fit, nod,dig, forget, regret, rid, 等。
4.以ie结尾的动词,改ie为y再加ing。
die—dying lie—lying
5.以ee/oe/ye结尾的动词,直接加ing。
see—seeing toe—toeing dye—dyeing
六、过去进行时 (Past Continuous)
(一)语法概述
(1)用法: 描述过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。
(2)结构: 主语 + was/were + 动词-ing
(3)标志词: while, when, at 5 p.m. yesterday, during,etc.
例句:
They were cooking when I called.(我打电话时他们在做饭。)
They were sleeping when the phone rang.(他们正在睡觉时电话铃响了。)
(二)句型结构
1、肯定句:主语 + was/were + 动词-ing + 时间状语
单数主语:
She was cooking dinner when I arrived.(我到达时她在做晚饭。)
复数主语:
They were playing basketball at that time.(那时他们在打篮球。)
2、否定句:主语 + wasn’t/weren’t + 动词-ing + 时间状语
单数主语:
He wasn’t reading a book at 8 p.m. yesterday—he was drawing.(他昨晚8点没读书,他在画画。)
复数主语:
They weren’t playing basketball at that time—they were studying.(那时他们没打篮球,他们在学习。)
3、一般疑问句及回答
结构:Was/Were + 主语 + 动词-ing + 时间状语?
肯定回答:Yes, 主语 + was/were.
否定回答:No, 主语 + wasn’t/weren’t.
单数主语:
— Was he reading a book at 8 p.m. yesterday?
(他昨晚8点在读书吗?)
— Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t.(是的,在读书。/ 不,没读。)
复数主语:
— Were they playing basketball at that time?
(那时他们在打篮球吗?)
— Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t.
(是的,在打。/ 不,没打。)
4、特殊疑问句:疑问词 + was/were + 主语 + 动词-ing + 时间状语?
What(问动作):
— What was he doing at 8 pm yesterday?(他昨晚8点在做什么?)
— He was reading a book.(他在读书。)
When(问时间):
— When were they playing basketball?(他们什么时候在打篮球?)
— They were playing at 3 pm yesterday.
(他们昨天下午3点在打。)
Where(问地点):
— Where were you watching the movie?(你们在哪里看电影的?)
— We were watching it at the cinema.(我们在电影院看的。)
Who(问主语):
— Who was cooking dinner when you arrived?
(你到的时候谁在做晚饭?)
— My mother was cooking.(我妈妈在做。)
- Why(问原因):
— Why weren’t you studying at that time?
(那时你为什么没在学习?)
— I wasn’t studying because I was tired.
(我没学习,因为我累了。)
七、现在完成时 (Present Perfect)
(一)语法概述
1、用法: 强调过去动作对现在的影响或持续到现在的状态。
2、结构: 主语 + have/has + 过去分词
3、标志词: already, just, yet, ever, never, since, for, recently,etc.
(二)句型结构
1、肯定句:主语 + have/has + 过去分词 + 其他。
结构:主语(I/we/you/they)+ have + 过去分词;
主语(he/she/it)+ has + 过去分词。
常与 already, just, ever, never, before, so far, lately 等时间状语连用。
(1)第一人称单数(I)
I have already eaten breakfast.(我已经吃过早餐了。)
(2)第三人称单数(He/She/It)
She has never been to Paris.(她从未去过巴黎。)
(3)第二人称单数/复数(You)
You have learned a lot of English.(你学了很多英语。)
(4)第一/第三人称复数(We/They)
We have lived here for 5 years.(我们在这里住了5年了。)
2、否定句:主语 + have/has + not + 过去分词 + 其他。
结构:在 have/has 后加 not,可缩写为 haven’t/hasn’t。
常与 yet(用于句末)等状语连用。
(1)第一人称单数(I)
I haven’t seen your book anywhere.(我哪儿都没看到你的书。)
(2)第三人称单数(He/She/It)
He has not (hasn’t) called me back.(他还没给我回电话。)
(3)第二人称单数/复数(You)
You haven’t answered my question.(你还没回答我的问题。)
(4)第一/第三人称复数(We/They)
We haven’t decided where to go.(我们还没决定去哪里。)
3、一般疑问句:Have/Has + 主语 + 过去分词 + 其他?
肯定回答:Yes, 主语 + have/has.
否定回答:No, 主语 + haven’t/hasn’t.
常与 yet, ever 等状语连用(疑问句中 yet 放句末,ever 放中间)。
(1)第一人称单数(I)
Have I told you about my trip?(我跟你说过我的旅行吗?)
Yes, you have.(是的,你说过。)
No, you haven’t.(不,你没说过。)
(2)第三人称单数(He/She/It)
Has she ever been to Japan?(她去过日本吗?)
Yes, she has.(是的,她去过。)
No, she hasn’t.(不,她没去过。)
(3)第二人称单数/复数(You)
Have you finished the report yet?(你完成报告了吗?)
Yes, I have.(是的,完成了。)
No, I haven’t.(不,还没完成。)
(4)第一/第三人称复数(We/They)
Have we met before?(我们以前见过吗?)
Yes, you have.(是的,见过。)
No, you haven’t.(不,没见过。)
3、特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词 + have/has + 主语 + 过去分词 + 其他?
(1)What(问动作/事物)
What have you done today?(你今天做了什么?)
I have cleaned the house and cooked dinner.
(我打扫了房子,做了晚饭。)
(2)Who(问主语/宾语)
Who has borrowed my pen?(谁借了我的笔?)
Lily has borrowed it.(莉莉借了。)
(3)Where(问地点)
Where have you been?(你去过哪里?)
I have been to the library.(我去了图书馆。)
Where has she gone?(她去哪里了?)
She has gone to the park.(她去公园了。)
(4)Why(问原因)
Why have you not finished it?(你为什么还没完成?)
I haven’t finished it because it’s too difficult.
(因为太难了,所以没完成。)
(5)How long(问时长,需与延续性动词连用)
How long have you lived here?(你在这里住了多久?)
I have lived here for 10 years.(我住了10年了。)
八、过去完成时 (Past Perfect)
(一)语法概述
(1)用法: 表示“过去的过去”,强调动作的先后顺序。
(2)结构: 主语 + had + 过去分词
(3)标志词: by the time, before, after, already, by 2020,etc.
(二)句型结构
1、肯定句:主语 + had + 过去分词 + 时间状语
单数主语:
She had left the city before the storm came.
(暴风雨来临前她已经离开了城市。)
复数主语:
We had studied English for 5 years before we went to high school.(上高中前我们已经学了5年英语。)
2、否定句 :主语 + hadn’t(had not) + 过去分词 + 时间状语
单数主语:
He hadn’t finished his homework by 9 pm yesterday—he was still working on it.(他昨晚9点前没完成作业,还在做。)
复数主语:
They hadn’t seen the movie when we arrived—they were waiting for us.(我们到的时候他们还没看电影,在等我们。)
3、一般疑问句:Had + 主语 + 过去分词 + 时间状语?
肯定回答:Yes, 主语 + had.
否定回答:No, 主语 + hadn’t.
单数主语:
— Had he finished his homework by 9 p.m. yesterday?
(他昨晚9点前完成作业了吗?)
— Yes, he had. / No, he hadn’t.
(是的,完成了。/ 不,没完成。)
复数主语:
— Had they seen the movie before we arrived?
(我们到之前他们看过这部电影了吗?)
— Yes, they had. / No, they hadn’t.
(是的,看过了。/ 不,没看过。)
4、特殊疑问句:疑问词 + had + 主语 + 过去分词 + 时间状语?
What(问动作):
— What had she done before the meeting started?
(会议开始前她做了什么?)
— She had prepared all the documents.(她准备好了所有文件。)
When(问时间):
— When had they left the party?(他们什么时候离开派对的?)
— They had left before the music stopped.
(他们在音乐停止前就离开了。)
Why(问原因):
— Why had he canceled the trip?(他为什么取消了旅行?)
— He had canceled it because of the bad weather.
(因为天气不好他取消了。)
Who(问主语):
— Who had eaten all the cake before dinner?
(谁在晚饭前把蛋糕全吃了?)
— My brother had eaten it.(我弟弟吃了。)
Where(问地点):
— Where had you studied before you came here?
(来这里之前你在哪里学习?)
— I had studied in London for three years.
(我在伦敦学了三年。)
一般现在时
一般过去时
一般将来时
过去将来时
现在进行时
过去进行时
现在完成时
过去完成时
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